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In 'I cannot sleep!', Henry Wadsworth Longfellow explores the themes of memory, loss, and the yearning for peace through vivid imagery and emotional depth. The poem opens with the speaker's restless mind, unable to find solace in sleep, as it conjures memories of the past: "I cannot sleep! my fervid brain / Calls up the vanished Past again." This line sets the tone of longing and nostalgia, as the speaker is haunted by memories that refuse to fade. The imagery of a distant shore and sweet odors from the Hesperides evokes a sense of beauty and loss, suggesting that the past was once filled with joy that now feels out of reach.

As the poem progresses, the speaker calls upon friendships and loved ones that have departed, lamenting their absence: "Come back! ye friendships long departed!" This plea highlights the emotional weight of loss, as the speaker compares these friendships to dwindling streams, emphasizing their gradual disappearance. The subsequent lines illustrate how memories transform the darkness of night into a "garden of delight," showcasing the power of recollection to bring joy even in sorrow.

However, the speaker acknowledges the futility of holding onto these memories, as they inevitably slip away: "But ere my lips can bid them stay, / They pass and vanish quite away!" This reflects a deep sense of resignation and the realization that while memories can be revisited, they cannot be relived. The emotional arc shifts from longing to despair as the speaker contemplates the weight of existence and the desire for rest: "The thought of life that ne'er shall cease / Has something in it like despair."

Longfellow employs various literary devices, such as metaphor and personification, to deepen the reader's engagement with the poem. The personification of memories as shapes that come and go creates a dynamic interplay between the past and present, while metaphors like "stony channels in the sun" evoke the harshness of reality. The poem concludes with a powerful yearning for peace and tranquility, culminating in the desire for eternal sleep, which serves as both a release from suffering and a return to the harmony of the past.

Ultimately, Longfellow's poem reflects on the human condition, the inevitability of loss, and the complex relationship we have with our memories. It resonates with the broader themes of his work, which often grapple with the interplay of personal experience and universal truths, making it a poignant exploration of life and its fleeting nature.